2. ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION

            According to convention, the field lines of a positive charge are directed outwards (out of the charge), while the field lines of a negative charge are directed inwards (into the charge). This can be explained as follows: a positive charge is constantly interacting with VGs of the BF, exciting and converting them into virtual photons (VPs) that are radiated in every direction. This radiation produces field lines that are directed outwards the positive charge. (In field lines of EN-fields, VPs are linked together by strings as in the BF.)

On the contrary, a negative charge interacts with VPs from surrounding EM fields and converts them back into VGs that can get linked again to the BF, thus reducing the constant reduction to the BF to a minimum. The direction of the field lines of an electric field is therefore equivalent to the flow direction of the VPs in the field, so that the field lines of a negative charge are always directed towards the charge.

A positive charge interacts with VGs of the BF, thus producing VPs that build up an electric field. The stronger the positive charge, the more energy the produced VPs have and the stronger the resulting electric field is:

[6]        E(VP) ~ q(+) E(VG)

Where:             E(VP) :            Potential energy of a produced VP.

  q(+) :               Positive charge of an interacting particle.

                                     E(VG) :           Potential energy of an interacting VG.